Wednesday, October 30, 2019
Rewrite lecture review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Rewrite lecture review - Assignment Example The suggestion that were made to contact people and groups were really amazing because they would rarely cross one’s mind. The suggestions included the social media group page for Star Trek fan conference or rare car owners club. Twitter is the main social media site that is being used by the police to instantly communicate with the public. However, a few of police officers make use of other social media platforms such as Google+ to ensure efficient and service to the neighbourhoods they are offering security. Other than using social media as a tool for communication, police are also monitoring it for criminal of offensive activity. In my view, social media can be a very effective tool in law enforcement if not misused by the police workers. The administrators of law enforcement must establish proper controls over the use of social media to increase the benefits and reduce incidents of misuse by their staff. In doing so, the potential of social media in police force may fully be realized. Toin Pijnenburg works as a manager for change also coaches a number social media sites such as Prezi. Mr. Pijnenburg is the owner of Toin XXL. He is always startled by change and constantly seeks it mainly through putting himself in situations that are inconvenient and assisting others in overcoming change. He made an introduction on the media in the past few decades and its shift to the internet in class. According to him, the present day objectives are changing in their aims. In the past they had to be relevant and achievable, but today, these qualities have been taken for granted. While lecturing, he suggested that the pace of modern society can be reflected better by ambitious and revolutionary. He used Wikipedia as an example on how the audience can assist in creating and developing a web site. Wikipedia unlike other mediums or emails that may require extra services
Monday, October 28, 2019
Harry Lavender Essay Essay Example for Free
Harry Lavender Essay Essay The Life and Crimes of Harry Lavender undermines many of the stereotypes within the genre of crime ? c? on. Marlene Days’ prominent themes are introduced in the extract. Power is characterised par? cularly through the antagonist, Sydney underworld ? gure Harry Lavender. Day also portrays the idea of decep? on and facade through her rendering of the duality of the city of Sydney and the characters within it. Days’ se%ng of the late 1980s conveys an era where new technology is seen and an ominent threat and a useful tool. These themes are represented in the extract and a novel as a whole. Claudia valen? ne is represented as a powerful individual within the ? rst few pages of the novel. Day establishes her independence and control as a woman with the quote â€Å"no one gets into my room, let alone my bed, without one. †It evokes a sense power and control and challenges the expecta? ons of women, as women are seen weaker in the world. Day also expresses the idea of power exceedingly through the antagonist Harry Lavender. Giving his status in the underworld of Sydney, Lavender is considered a man of power. â€Å"I am a famous legend in my ? me†The use of ? rst person narra? on gives the audience a sense of personal connec? on with the inner feelings of Lavender, as well as showing what Lavender sees towards himself. Decep? on is an integral element conveyed in The Life and crimes of Harry Lavender. The idea of decep? on and facades is par? cularly shown though both protagonist and antagonist, as well as Sydney’s duality of light and dark.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Criticism of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay -- Picture
Criticism of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray         The novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, written by Oscar Wilde originally appeared in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine in 1890. It was then published in 1891, in book form, containing six additional chapters with revisions. The first reviews of Dorian Gray were mostly unfavorable. It was condemned for its speculative treatment of immoral or at least uncomfortable subjects. A review in the St. James’s Gazette by Samuel Henry Jeyes, journalist and biographer was titled "‘A Study in Puppydom."  Jeyes refers to Wilde’s idle, â€Å"effeminate†characters in the book and writes: â€Å"The puppies appear to fill up the intervals of talk by plucking daisies and playing with them, and sometimes drinking ‘something with strawberry in it" (Beckson 69).          An unsigned review in Athenaeum, called the book â€Å"unmanly, sickening, vicious (although not exactly what is called ‘improper’), and tedious.†(Beckson 82) Charles Whibley, journalist and writer for the Scots Observer, wrote that "Mr. Oscar Wilde has again been writing stuff that were better unwritten" and went on with "...it is false to human nature-for its hero is a devil; it is false to morality-for it is not made sufficiently clear that the writer does not prefer a course of unnatural iniquity to a life of cleanliness, health, and sanity." He ends the article by saying ‘...he can write for none but outlawed noblemen and perverted telegraph boys, the sooner he takes to tailoring (or some other decent trade) the better for his own reputation and the public morals" (Beckson 75).                    Wilde replied to these damaging attacks and told an acquaintance after these first reviews that the story would be "...... ...ver reached, which supersedes that earlier didactic purpose, and makes the quite sufficing interest of an excellent story."’                  He concludes by saying "We need only emphasize, once more, the skill, the real subtlety of art, the ease and fluidity withal of one telling a story by word of mouth, with which the consciousness of the supernatural is introduced into, and maintained amid, the elaborately conventional, sophisticated, disabused world Mr. Wilde depicts so cleverly, so mercilessly"(Beckson 83-6).  In conclusion, it became apparent with reading the reviews of The Picture of Dorian Gray that the critics seemed to be reviewing the author instead of the book.  BIBLIOGRAPHY   Beckson, Karl. Oscar Wilde. New York, Barnes & Noble, 1970.  Gagnier, Regenia. Idylls of the Marketplace. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1986. Criticism of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay -- Picture Criticism of Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray         The novel, The Picture of Dorian Gray, written by Oscar Wilde originally appeared in Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine in 1890. It was then published in 1891, in book form, containing six additional chapters with revisions. The first reviews of Dorian Gray were mostly unfavorable. It was condemned for its speculative treatment of immoral or at least uncomfortable subjects. A review in the St. James’s Gazette by Samuel Henry Jeyes, journalist and biographer was titled "‘A Study in Puppydom."  Jeyes refers to Wilde’s idle, â€Å"effeminate†characters in the book and writes: â€Å"The puppies appear to fill up the intervals of talk by plucking daisies and playing with them, and sometimes drinking ‘something with strawberry in it" (Beckson 69).          An unsigned review in Athenaeum, called the book â€Å"unmanly, sickening, vicious (although not exactly what is called ‘improper’), and tedious.†(Beckson 82) Charles Whibley, journalist and writer for the Scots Observer, wrote that "Mr. Oscar Wilde has again been writing stuff that were better unwritten" and went on with "...it is false to human nature-for its hero is a devil; it is false to morality-for it is not made sufficiently clear that the writer does not prefer a course of unnatural iniquity to a life of cleanliness, health, and sanity." He ends the article by saying ‘...he can write for none but outlawed noblemen and perverted telegraph boys, the sooner he takes to tailoring (or some other decent trade) the better for his own reputation and the public morals" (Beckson 75).                    Wilde replied to these damaging attacks and told an acquaintance after these first reviews that the story would be "...... ...ver reached, which supersedes that earlier didactic purpose, and makes the quite sufficing interest of an excellent story."’                  He concludes by saying "We need only emphasize, once more, the skill, the real subtlety of art, the ease and fluidity withal of one telling a story by word of mouth, with which the consciousness of the supernatural is introduced into, and maintained amid, the elaborately conventional, sophisticated, disabused world Mr. Wilde depicts so cleverly, so mercilessly"(Beckson 83-6).  In conclusion, it became apparent with reading the reviews of The Picture of Dorian Gray that the critics seemed to be reviewing the author instead of the book.  BIBLIOGRAPHY   Beckson, Karl. Oscar Wilde. New York, Barnes & Noble, 1970.  Gagnier, Regenia. Idylls of the Marketplace. Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1986.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Reliabilty and Validity
Test Reliability and Validity: Evaluation of the GRADE A+ Standardized Reading Assessment Assessment is the key to instruction and intervention, but according to Salvia, Ysseldyke and Bolt (2007), â€Å"reliability is a major consideration in evaluating an assessment procedure†(p. 119). Reliability refers to the stability of a tests’ results over time and test reliability refers to the consistency of scores students would receive on alternate forms of the same test, for example Test form A and Test form B. If a test is reliable then one would expect a student to achieve the same score regardless of when the student completes the assessment, but if it’s not reliable then a students’ score may vary based on factors that are not related to the purpose of the assessment. An assessment is considered reliable when the same results occur regardless of when the assessment occurs or who does the scoring, but a good assessment is not only reliable but minimizes as many factors as possible that could lead to the misinterpretation of the tests’ results. It is important to be concerned with a tests’ reliability for two reasons: First, reliability provides a measure of the extent to which a students’ score reflects random measurement error. If there is relatively little error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variance approaches a reliability index of 1. 00 (perfect reliability); if there is a relatively large amount of error, the ratio of true-score variance to obtained score variances approaches. 0 (total unreliability) (Salvia et al. , 2007, p. 121) Therefore, it is warranted to use tests with good measures of reliability to ensure that the test scores reflect more than just random error. Second, reliability is a precursor to validity, which I will go more into detail about later. Validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. However, a formal assessment of the validity of a specific use of a test can be a very lengthy process and that is why test reliability is often viewed as the first step in the test validation process. If a test is deemed unreliable, then one need not spend time examining whether it is valid because it will not be, but if the test deems adequately reliable, then a validation study would be worthwhile. The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) is a normative diagnostic reading assessment that determines developmentally what skills students have mastered and where they need instruction. Chapter Four of the GRADE Technical Manual focuses on three sections: reliability, validation and validity; but I will only be evaluating the first and last sections which are reliability and validity. The first section presents reliability data for the standardization sample by test at 11 levels (P, K, 1-6, M, H and A) and 14 grade enrollment groups (Preschool- 12th) to describe the consistency and stability of GRADE scores (Williams, 2001, p. 77). In this section, Williams addresses Internal Reliability- which addresses consistency of the items in a test, Alternate Form Reliability- which are derived from the administration of two different but parallel test forms, Test-Retest Reliabilities- which tells how much a students score will change if a period of time has lapsed between test and Standard Error of Measurement- which represents a band of error around the true score. The GRADE Technical Manual reported 132 reliabilities in table 4. that presents the alpha and split half total test reliabilities for the Fall and Spring. Of these, 99 were in the range of . 95 to . 99; which indicates a high degree of homogeneity among the items for each form, level and grade enrollment group (Williams, 2001, p. 78). In the GRADE alternate form reliability study, Table 4. 14, 696 students were tested. The forms were given at different times and ranged anywhere from eight to thirty two days. The coefficients in the table ranged from . 81 to . 94 with half being higher than . 9 indicating that Forms A and B are quite parallel (Williams, 2001, p. 85). In the GRADE test- retest reliability study, Table 4. 15, 816 students were tested. All students were tested twice, the test took place during the Fall and ranged anywhere from three and a half to forty two days. Form A of the various GRADE levels appeared similar in stability over time to performance on Form B. However since most of the sampling was done with Form A, further investigation of the stability of scores with Form B may be warranted (Williams, 2001, p. 7). The standard errors of measurement listed in Table 4. 16 of the GRADE was computed from Table 4. 1, but due to the variances in total test reliability, the SEMs ranged from low to high and due to the fact the measure of error is observable, there will always be some doubt about one’s true score. Overall it will be acceptable to assume that the reliability aspect of all levels of the GRADE Technical Manu al provides a significant amount of established evidence between test forms A and B. As noted earlier, validity refers to the degree to which evidence supports the fact that the test interpretations are correct and that the manner in which these interpretations are used is appropriate and meaningful. For a test to be fair, its contents and performance expectations should reflect knowledge and experiences that are common to all students. Therefore, according to Salvia et al. (2007), â€Å"validity is the most fundamental consideration in developing and evaluating test†(p. 143). A valid assessment should reflect actual knowledge or performance, not just test taking skills or memorized equations and facts, it should not require knowledge or skills that are irrelevant to what is actually being assessed and more so, it should be as free as possible of cultural, ethnic and gender bias. The validity of an assessment is the extent to which the assessment measures what it intended or was designed to measure. The extent of a test’s validity determines (1) what inferences or decisions can be made based on test results and (2) the assurance one can have in those decisions (Williams, 2001, p. 2). Validation is the process of accumulating evidence that supports the appropriateness of student responses for the specified assessment and because tests are used for various purposes, there is no single type of evidentiary validity that is apt for all purposes. Test validation can take many forms, both qualitative and quantitative, and in an assessment case such as the GRADE, can be a continuing process (Williams, 2001, p. 92). As stated previously, I will be evaluating two sections from Chapter Four. Section one is complete so it brings me to the last section, which deals with validity. In this section, Williams addresses Content Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test items adequately represent the area that the test is supposed to measure, Criterion- Related Validity- which addresses the relationship between the scores on the test being validated and some form of criterion such as rating scale, classification, or other test score and Construct Validity- which addresses the question of whether the test actually measures the construct, or trait, it purports to measure. The content validity section of the GRADE Technical Manual addressed 16 subtests in various skill areas of pre-reading and reading and documents that adequate content validity was built into the reading test as it was developed. Therefore, if the appropriate decisions can be made, then the results are deemed valid and the test measures what it is suppose to measure. For the GRADE criterion-related studies, scores from other reading tests were used as the criteria and included both concurrent and predictive validity. For the concurrent validity study, the section compares the GRADE Total Test scores to three group administered test and an individual administered test. They were administered in concurrence with the Fall or Spring administering of the GRADE, with data being collected by numerous teachers throughout the U. S. and all correlations being corrected using Guilford’s formula. The three group administered test given in concurrence with the GRADE Total Test suggested they all measured what they were suppose to but the individual administered test showed evidence of discriminative and divergent validity. For the predictive validity study, the section compared how well the GRADE Total Test from the Fall predicted performance on the reading subtest of a group administered achievement test given in the Spring. Three groups totaling 260 students were given the GRADE in the Fall and the TerraNova in the Spring of the same school year, but the final samples were a little small because some of the students that tested in the Fall had moved so the scores were correlated and corrected for both assessments using Guilford’s formula. Instead of 260 there were now 232 and Table 4. 2 list the corrected correlations between the GRADE and TerraNova which indicates that the GRADE scores in the Fall are predictive of the TerraNova reading scores in the Spring. The construct validity of the GRADE focuses on two aspects which are convergent validity shown by higher correlations and divergent validity shown by lower correlations. In the GRADE/PIAT-R study, shown in Table 4. 21, convergent validity is demonstrated by the high correlation coefficients of the GRADE and PIAT-R reading scores and divergent validity is demonstrated by the lower correlation between the GRADE and PIAT-R general information subtest (Williams, 2001, p. 7). Performances on reading tasks is represented by the first set of correlations and for the second set of correlations the GRADE represents performance on reading and the PIAT-R represents world knowledge. Convergent/divergent information was also provided for the GRADE/ITBS study shown in Table 4. 23. Evidence of higher correlations for the GRADE convergent validity was provided with the ITBS reading subtest, but evidence of extensively lower correlations for the GRADE divergent validity was provided with the ITBS math subtest, which would be expected for divergent validity because reading was minimal. Overall the validity data provided a considerable amount of evidence to show that in fact the GRADE Technical Manual measures what it purports and apt conclusions from test can be correctly made. So according to my judgment in evaluating the GRADE Technical Manual in the areas of reliability (internal, alternate form, test-retest and SEM) and validity (content, criterion-related and construct), the content provided by the authors in the manual and cross referenced with the content provided in the text book denotes the manual is consistent, has acceptable correlation coefficients and measures what it is suppose to measure. References Salvia, J. , Ysseldyke, J. E. , & Bolt, S. (2007). Assessment In Special and Inclusive Education (10th ed. ). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Williams, K. T. (2001). Technical Manual: Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation. Circle Pine: American Guidance Service, Inc.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Modern Day Discrimination Essay
Gender inequality is the most important issue society faces today. This is the unfair difference in the way people are treated based on their gender. There are many places where this injustice occurs. The most detrimental is where people spend a large portion of their time, which is the workplace. The workplace must not be viewed as only a traditional job, but also things such as being a wife or a mother. Society must improve gender equality in the workplace in order for all people to feel likely to succeed. Military wives are viewed as supporters, rather than equals who can also be successful. A group of authors elaborate on the issue, â€Å"the military wife has traditionally had an important and recognized role in military life, providing the necessary support and care that contributed towards the success of her husband’s career†(Rosen, Knudson and Fancher 327). All people, male or female, need not only to be treated the same, but viewed the same if society is going to grow. Women are put in a group that does not allow them to have a rewarding life without a husband. This teaches young women that they need a man in their life to be successful. Which could lead to poor decisions or premature and failed marriages. Women who do attempt to be successful on their own are not given the credit they deserve for building a life on their own. This is proven in volume 16 of Gender, Work and Organization, â€Å"Women are typically viewed as ‘honorary men’ or ‘flawed women’ for attempting to participate in fields traditionally dominated by men†(Powell, Bagilhole and Dainty 412). Women who strive to have success in male dictated professions are not seen as strong people but rather weak women or women who act like men. These women are stronger than most for stepping outside the normal range of female jobs. If women find themselves resembling men more than usual to be successful, it will take away from the diversity of society. This can be corrected by accepting that anybody can perform his or her job just as well as anyone else . Women are not given equal opportunities to obtain employment positions for sexist reasons. Maryn Oyoung shares her thoughts one the issue of discriminatory hiring, â€Å"Men and women should be allowed to compete freely and on an equal basis in the workplace; however, current laws do not promote this idea because they do not take into account the reality that women uniquely experience the physical side effects of pregnancy†(518). Due to the simple fact that men are physically incapable of going through the process of pregnancy, they have an advantage in the workplace as long as laws continue not to address the issue. This allows employers to discriminate against women because of the possibility of pregnancy. If women are forced to choose between a job and a family, they likely will choose family. Creating a less diverse group, which offers fewer opinions on important decisions. Most women who are able to have children are of crucial importance to the human race. Promoting the success of these women would encourage them to have children making our race more diver se and accepting. Along with the lack of equal opportunities, gender inequality in the workplace is shown through unequal pay based on gender. Browne explains the pay ratio between men and women for the same positions. â€Å"In 2010 the female-to-male annual earnings ratio in the United States was 0.77, and in 2011 the weekly earnings ratio was 0.82†(786). Men are unrightfully being paid more for their contributions to a business than women. Even if those contributions are identical to those of women. This can discourage women from following their dreams because they will not be rewarded as much for their hard work. If businesses were to pay men and women equally, it would create a more diverse workplace, which is better for the people who work in them because it forces them to understand the issues of others. While men who express strength and leadership are looked upon as role models, women who display these traits are seen as rude or uncaring. â€Å"Professional women who are judged to be competent are frequently judged to lack warmth†(Gutek 338). Strong women are treated badly because of the way they do their job; this encourages women not to be as tough. This double standard results in female leaders being too easy on their employees. This can cause them possibly to lose their job or lead an unsuccessful business. If people were judged solely on their performance, more strong female leaders would emerge. Women are raised in such a way that they do not see their own potential, which contributes to the ongoing inequality. â€Å"Over ninety percent of receptionists (92.5%), dieticians and nutritionists (92.6%), registered nurses (90.5%), and preschool and kindergarten teachers (97%) are female†(Browne 789). Women are taught from a young age that they have jobs they will perform and men have jobs they will do. The media and current generations constantly preach this idea. Creating an endless cycle of inequality. The most effective way to combat this would be to alter the way people approach teaching their children abo ut the workplace. If this were to be accomplished, society would be a place where any person could do or be anything they desire without worrying about what others think because those others would feel the same way. Young women are raised only to please men rather than build prosperous lives of their own. In â€Å"Girl,†Jamaica Kincaid offers a dialogue between a mother and her daughter. â€Å"This is how to behave in the presence of men who don’t know you very well†(385). Some women are raised only to please men, while men such as myself are never taught the importance of pleasing women at a young age. Rather, young men are taught how to be successful in the workplace. Since men are raised this way, they are instantly put at an advantage in their careers. If young boys and girls were raised in a more similar way, it would increase the equality in the workplace. This would allow all people to have the same opportunities, no matter their gender. Women are forced into jobs that turn them into objects rather than individuals. In â€Å"Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt,†Jean Kilbourne provides multiple examples of women be dehumanized through advertisement. â€Å"Men conq uer and women ensnare, always with the essential aid of a product†(420). The jobs of the women in provocative advertisements is only to excite men into looking at their advertisement. A consequence of this is that these men will hopefully notice what the advertisement was about and remember it because of the objectified women in the ad. In many cases, this is the only job available to these women because of the way they were raised. If more women were raised in a way that forced them to understand that they are just as valuable, if not more valuable as any man, they would expect that they will be allowed equal opportunities and would accept nothing less. This would force the advertisement community to take a different approach, which would cut back on the objectification of women. Gender is also the key difference when determining job success. â€Å"Research clearly indicates that women are disproportionately overrepresented in the lowest paying occupations and that the female sex composition of occupations is negatively related to median earnings†(Jaffee 377). Women are not allowed into higher paying jobs as often as men are. Thus causing women to earn less on a yearly basis, which leads to a more stressful lifestyle. Equal job opportunities is the key to workplace equality. If a man had a female boss, he may realize that women are just as capable as men are. Then down the road, he may be in a position of power where he would then understand that he could feel confident hiring a woman. This workplace inequality affects women not only while they work, but also as they grow old. â€Å"For most women, attitudinal and structural factors in the workplace put them at a tremendous disadvantage and render them more vulnerable than men to hardship as they age†(Barnett 25). All the factors that contribute to gender inequality in the workplace cause a severe issue for women. As they grow old, they likely will earn less pension or retirement opportunities because of the sexism displayed in modern business. This again causes women to rely on men to support them. Making it very hard for strong women to thriv e as they enter their older age. This does not only affect women though. It is a fact that on average, women live longer than men do. If men are allowed to rely on the success of women, they could feel more confident as they age as well. People who rely on statistics can argue that gender discrimination in the workplace is not a choice, but rather a natural consequence that comes with the differences in the human body. â€Å"On average, women are five inches shorter, have 55 to 60 percent less upper body strength, a higher fat-to-muscle ratio, lower bone density, and 20 percent less aerobic capacity†(Summers 74). Men defending their decisions would argue that women are not allowed different opportunities because of the physical differences between women and men. This includes certain combat situations or construction where physical strength is vital. This is not reliable because of the countless jobs that are not influenced by physical strength. Women and men are being too generalized and not examined for specific strengths. Speaking on The Department of Defense Combat Exclusion Policy, Chris and Jeannette Haynie state, â€Å"The policy institutionalizes the concept that all male Marines, based on gender alone, are capable of performing duties in the combat arms, while all female Marines similarly are not†(46). Assumptions are being made of men and women. The policy implies that all men are more capable in combat than any women are. This is an issue because it discourages women from contributing their skills and holds men to a high standard of having to be better than any women. Workplace gender inequality is the most important issue society faces. The unfair treatment leaves women forced to rely on others. This may cause women to question their choices, which leaves them at a disadvantage. If not all people are given the same opportunities, then the progress society has made will be for nothing. When it comes to gender inequality, it is all or nothing. There is no in-between where people are almost equal. Works Cited Barnett, Rosalind Chait. â€Å"Ageism And Sexism In The Workplace.†Generations 29.3 (2005): 25- 30. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Brown, Kingsley R. â€Å"Biological Sex Differences In The Workplace: Reports Of The â€Å"End Of Men†Are Greatly Exaggerated (As Are Claims Of Women’s Continued Inequality).†Boston University Law Review 93.3 (2013): 769-794. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Gutek, Barbara A. â€Å"How Women Continue To Be Disadvantaged In The Workplace.†Analyses Of Social Issues & Public Policy 10.1 (2010): 337-339. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Haynie, Chris, and Jeannette Haynie. â€Å"Marines Or MARINES*?.†U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 138.11 (2012): 46-51. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 Nov. 2014. Jaffee, David. â€Å"Gender Inequality In Workplace Autonomy And Authority.†Social Science Quarterly (University Of Texas Press) 70.2 (1989): 375-390. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. Kilbourne, Jean. â€Å"Two Ways A Woman Can Get Hurt.†Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 9th Edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martins. 2013. Print. Kincaid, Jamaica. â€Å"Girl.†Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 9th Edition. New York: Bedford/St. Martins. 2013. Print. Powell, Abigail, Barbara Bagilhole, and Andrew Dainty. â€Å"How Women Engineers Do And Undo Gender: Consequences For Gender Equality.†Gender, Work & Organization 16.4 (2009): 411-428. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Rosen, Leora N., Kathryn H. Knudson, and Peggy Fancher. â€Å"Cohesion And The Culture Of Hypermasculinity In U.S. Army Units.†Armed Forces & Society (0095327X) 29.3 (2003): 325-351. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Summers, Clark H. â€Å"Women.†Military Review 93.4 (2013): 71-78. Academic Search Complete. Web. 23 Nov. 2014. Oyoung, Maryn. â€Å"Until Men Bear Children, Women Must Not Bear The Costs Of Reproductive Capacity: Accommodating Pregnancy In The Workplace To Achieve Equal Employment Opportunities.†Mcgeorge Law Review 44.2 (2013): 515-542. Academic Search Complete. Web. 22 Nov. 2014.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Biology and Anatomy Games and Quizzes
Biology and Anatomy Games and Quizzes Biology Games and Quizzes Biology games and quizzes can be an effective way to learn about the fun-filled world of biology. Ive put together a listing of several quizzes and puzzles that are designed to help you further your knowledge of biology in key areas. If youve ever wanted to test your knowledge of biology concepts, take the quizzes below and find out how much you really know. Anatomy Quizzes Heart Anatomy QuizThe heart is an extraordinary organ that supplies blood and oxygen to all parts of the body. This heart anatomy quiz is designed to test your knowledge of human heart anatomy.Human Brain QuizThe brain is one of the largest and most important organs of the human body. It is the control center of the body. Organ Systems QuizDo you know which organ system contains the largest organ in the body? Test your knowledge of human organ systems. Animal Games Animal Groups Name GameDo you know what a group of frogs is called? Play the Animal Groups Name Game and learn the names of various animal groups. Cells and Genes Quizzes Cell Anatomy QuizThis cell anatomy quiz is designed to test your knowledge of eukaryotic cell anatomy.Cellular Respiration QuizThe most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food is through cellular respiration. Glucose, derived from food, is broken down during cellular respiration to provide energy in the form of ATP and heat.Genetics QuizDo you know the difference between genotype and phenotype? Test your knowledge of Mendelian genetics.Meiosis QuizMeiosis is a two-part cell division process in organisms that sexually reproduce. Take the Meiosis Quiz!Mitosis QuizTake the Mitosis Quiz and find out how much you know about mitosis. Plant Quizzes Parts of a Flowering Plant QuizFlowering plants, also called angiosperms, are the most numerous of all the divisions in the Plant Kingdom. The parts of a flowering plant are characterized by two basic systems: a root system and a shoot system.Plant Cell QuizDo you know which vessels allow water to flow to different parts of a plant? This quiz is designed to test your knowledge of plant cells and tissues.Photosynthesis QuizIn photosynthesis, the suns energy is captured in order to make food. Plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce oxygen, water, and food in the form of sugar. Other Biology Games and Quizzes Biology Prefixes and Suffixes QuizDo you know the meaning of the word hematopoiesis? Take the Biology Prefixes and Suffixes Quiz and discover the meanings of difficult biology termsVirus QuizA virus particle, also known as a virion, is essentially a nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein shell or coat. Do you know what viruses that infect bacteria are called? Test your knowledge of viruses.Virtual Frog Dissection QuizThis quiz is designed to help you identify internal and external structures in male and female frogs.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Discover the Definition of a State, Sovereign State, Country, and Nation
Discover the Definition of a State, Sovereign State, Country, and Nation While the terms country, state, sovereign state, nation, and nation-state are often used interchangeably, there is a difference. Simply put: A state is a territory with its own institutions and populations.A sovereign state is a state with its own institutions and populations which has a permanent population, territory, and government. It must also have the right and capacity to make treaties and other agreements with other states.A nation is a large group of people that inhabit a specific territory and are connected by history, culture or another commonality.A nation-state is a cultural group (a nation) that is also a state (and may, in addition, be a sovereign state). The word country can be used to mean the same thing as state, sovereign state, or nations include Wine Country (the grape-growing area of northern California) and Coal Country (the coal-mining region of Pennslyvania). Qualities of a Sovereign State State, nation, and country are all terms to describe groups of people who live in the same place and have a great deal in common. But while states and sovereign states are political entities, nations and countries may or may not be. A sovereign state (sometimes called an independent state) has the following qualities: Space or territory which has internationally recognized boundariesPeople who live there on an ongoing basis.Regulations governing foreign and domestic tradeThe ability to issue legal tender that is recognized across boundariesAn internationally recognized government which provides public services and police power and has the right to make treaties, wage war, and take other actions on behalf of its peopleSovereignty, meaning that no other state should have power over the countrys territory. There are many geographic entities that have some but not all of the qualities that make up a There are presently 195 sovereign states in the world (197 by some counts); 193 are members of the United Nations (the United Nations excludes Palestine and the Holy See). Two other entities, Taiwan and Kosovo, are recognized by some but not all members of the United Nations. Entities That Are Not Sovereign States There are many entities that have geographical and cultural significance and many of the qualities of a sovereign state but which are not, in fact, independent sovereign states. These include territories, non-sovereign states, and nations. Non-Sovereign States Territories of sovereign states are not sovereign states in their own right. There are many entities that have most qualities of sovereign states but are officially considered to be sovereign. Many have their own histories, and some even have their own languages. Examples include: Hong KongBermudaGreenlandPuerto RicoNorthern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England, all of which are non-sovereign parts of the United Kingdom The word state is also used to refer to geographic sections of sovereign states which have their own governments but which are subject to the larger federal government. The 50 United States are non-sovereign states. Nations Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people which share a common language, institution, religion, and/or historical experience. Some nations are sovereign states, but many are not; some of those nations that hold territory but are not sovereign states include: The Indian Nations of the United StatesBosniaCatalonia (in northern Spain)QuebecCorsicaSicilyTibet In addition to nations that are non-sovereign states, it can be argued that there are nations that govern no territory at all. For example, the Sindhi, Yoruba, Rohingya, and Igbo people share histories, cultures, and language but have no territory. There are some States which have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Nation-States When a nation of people has a sovereign state of their own, it is called a nation-state. Populations living in nation-states share a history, language, ethnicity, and culture (though, of course, most nation-states now include populations of immigrants who do not share the local culture). Places like Iceland and Japan are excellent examples of nation-states: the vast majority of people born in those nation-states share the same ancestry and culture.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Earn an Ivy League Degree Online
Earn an Ivy League Degree Online Almost all of the eight ivy league universities offer some form of online courses, certificates, or degree programs. Find out how you can get a top-notch online education from Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Harvard, Princeton, UPenn, or Yale. Brown Brown offers two blended (online plus face-to-face) degree programs. The IE-Brown Executive MBA program offers professionals the chance to get a global education over a 15-month period. MBA students work together online and have five week-long sessions in person. The in-person meetings are in Madrid, Spain; Brown University in Providence, United States; and Cape Town, Africa. The Executive Master of Healthcare Leadership degree is an accelerated program for healthcare professionals. The 16-month program requires online students to meet on campus between the start and end of each term – four times total. Brown also offers online pre-college courses for advanced learners in grades 9-12. Subjects such as â€Å"So, You Want to be a Doctor?†and â€Å"Writing for College and Beyond,†prepare students for their upcoming college experience. Columbia Through the Teacher’s College, Columbia offers online certificates in â€Å"Cognition and Technology,†â€Å"Designing Interactive Multimedia Instruction,†and â€Å"Teaching and Learning with Technology.†Students can also enroll in one of two fully online education Masters degrees. The Computing in Education M.A. helps educational professionals prepare to work with technology in schools. The Diabetes Education and Management M.S. prepares health care workers to educate and advocate for improved understanding about diabetes. The Columbia Video Network enables students to earn advanced engineering degrees from home. Virtual students have no residency requirements and have the same access to their professors as traditional students. Degrees available online include M.S. in Computer Science, M.S. in Electrical Engineering, M.S. in Engineering and Management Systems, M.S. in Materials Science, M.S. in Mechanical Engineering, P.D. in Computer Science, P.D. in Electrical Engineering, P.D. in Mechanical Engineering. Students may also take individual online courses in medicine and religion through Columbia’s online programs. Cornell Through the eCornell program, students can take individual courses and earn certificates completely online. Multi-course certificate programs are available in fields such as Finance and Managerial Accounting, Healthcare, Hospitality and Food Services Management, Human Resources Management, Leadership and Strategic Management, Management Essentials, Marketing, Sales Leadership, Product Leadership and Systems Design, and Plant-Based Nutrition. eCornell courses are designed and taught by Cornell faculty. They have set start and end dates, but are taught asynchronously. Courses and certificates offer students continuing education credits. Dartmouth Dartmouth College has a very limited number of online options. Students can earn The Dartmouth Institute (TDI) Certificate in The Fundamentals of Value-Based Healthcare by completing six online courses. The courses are generally not available for those outside of the certificate program. Health professionals are required to view a limited number of one-hour live streaming sessions, which are usually conducted on Wednesdays. Presenters lecture on topics such as Health Care Finance, Shared Decision Making in Patient-Centered Care, Health Care Informatics, and Understanding the Implications of Variation. Harvard Through the Harvard Extension School, students can take individual online courses, earn certificates, or even earn a degree. The Bachelor of Liberal Arts degree program allows students to earn an undergraduate degree with the guidance of top-notch professors. Potential students â€Å"earn their way in†by earning a grade of B or higher in three introductory courses. Students must complete four courses on campus, but the rest of the degree can be completed through online options. Degree candidates have access to a variety of Harvard resources including internships, seminars, and research assistance. The Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies in the field of finance or general management degree can be earned by taking 12 courses. Four of these courses must be traditional or blended courses. For distance learning students, blended courses can be taken by traveling to campus for one-weekend session per course. Additional blended Masters programs are available in Psychology, Anthropology, Biology, English, and more. Most require some evening courses on campus. Graduate certificates can be earned fully online and enrollment is open (no application required). Harvard Extension certificates can be earned in the fields of management, sustainability and environmental management, science and information technology, and social sciences. Notable certificates include Business Communication, Cybersecurity, Nonprofit Management, Marketing Management, Green Building and Sustainability, Data Science, Nanotechnology, Legal Studies, and Software Engineering. Princeton Sorry, online learners. Princeton isn’t offering any courses or degree programs completely online at this time. UPenn While the University of Pennsylvania doesn’t offer any fully online degrees or certificates, the Penn Online Learning Initiative allows students to take individual courses. Online courses are offered in Arts and Sciences, Executive Education, Nursing, Dentistry, and also English Language Test Preparation. Generally, students interested in these courses will need to apply to the university as a visiting student. Yale Every year, Yale students enroll in virtual courses through Yale Summer Online. Current students or graduates from other colleges are also invited to enroll in these for-credit courses. The course sessions are five-weeks long, and students are required to participate in a weekly live video group meeting with faculty. Some of the class offerings include: Abnormal Psychology, Econometrics and Data Analysis I, Milton, Modern American Drama and Moralities of Everyday Life.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Differentiating for Learning Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Differentiating for Learning Process - Essay Example Learning profile is defined as ways in which students learn best as individuals. Every person has some ways that are effective for their learning, other factors that are contrary to these automatically slow learners down or make their learning slower and awkward. Experience, common sense and research suggest to us that tutors, teachers or professors can tap into or suggest some routes that can promote effective and efficient learning to students. The aim or goal of learning or making ourselves aware of profile differentiation is to understand modes of learning that can work best for different students to make them provide quality results. The following lesson plan is an example of a teaching program that will ensure that all students benefit from learning on the topic, â€Å"Rain Forest.†The plan is for students between Grades 3-5. It will take six weeks for the lesson to end (Steed, 2000). All the powerpoint presentations will be evaluated with the use of created rubrics, oral report rubric and student evaluation form. Writing, on the other hand, will be evaluated using writing rubric. The videos will be evaluated with the use of cooperative group work for technical works, group contents. Awarding will be done using point charts (Steed, 2000). The above process represents a diversity of processes that make it possible for different students with different learning styles to concentrate. For instance, a student who is not well conversant with paperwork can successfully use powerpoint slides in computers. This process will also create student awareness on the best learning methods suitable for each due to the variety of teaching and research methods. Students who fail to cope with the mentioned comprehensive processes are taken as those with special needs and get remedial from the tutors or fellow students who have understood the topic. However, the outcome of such a plan will be more than 90% success as it covers virtually all the methods of learning suitable for different students.Â
Mayan Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Mayan Project - Essay Example Hence, symbols could represent either a word or a single syllable. This was a highly elaborate set of glyphs written by scribes who were members of the priesthood. The language was usually written in two blocks arranged in columns, and was read from top to bottom, from left to right. It was rich with words and phonetic rules, and only elite members of the community knew how to write (Beatriz n.d). The Mayan numerals were based on a base-twenty (vigecimal) numeral system, which were made up of three symbols: zero was represented by a shell shape, one by a dot and give by a bar. Numbers above 19 were written as a combination of these written in a descending vertical line. Three cells were written, the uppermost one represented the number of 400s in the number, the middle one represented the number of 20s in it and the lower one represented the 1s in it. In case a number was larger than that, a new row would be started. The Mayans would also rarely use face number glyphs, but this use was very uncommon and mostly appeared in monumental carving. The Mayans used addition and subtraction when needed, and there is also evidence that they were familiar with and used the concepts of infinity and fractions for various needs ("The Maya Mathematical" n.d; "Mayan Numerals" 2009). A Mayan stela (also called stele) was a stone or wooden slab that was very tall and quite wide. It was used mainly for funeral or commemorative purposes, and consisted of the name and titles of the deceased or living person for whom it was erected. It also included of lavish paintings, carvings and inscriptions depicting and describing that person. More often then not, revered rulers or hieroglyphic texts were inscribed to immortalize a unique feat or achievement during a rulers reigning period or simply his character and greatness. It was also used to remember important dates and occasions, something which proved to be
Friday, October 18, 2019
3Th article that pertains to my reserach proposal Assignment
3Th article that pertains to my reserach proposal - Assignment Example 100). The use of humor in this context provides a way to bring student interest to lessons and to motivate students. All students began by filling out a questionnaire about their background and they were given a standardized listening test (TOEFL Test, version 2009) to determine a baseline for their â€Å"listening proficiency level†(Rafiee, Kassaian and Dastjerdi, 2010, p. 102). Once students received instruction through the use of humorous songs, they were given the TOEFL listening test a second time. Participants had not previously participated in listening tests. Students were told that they would listen to a passage for several minutes and then they would be instructed to immediately do coursework. Teachers did not ask questions after the listening task in order to make sure that they were relaxed while listening. Students listened to 17, 90 minute sessions. After the first task, students were asked to listen to the passages again and repeat the task in order to have a pre- and post-test sample. After a three week interval, students were asked to take the TOEFL test again to measure t heir immediate ability to recall the information. There were 30 female participants in this study and they were all studying English at the Iranian Institutes of English language. The age group of participants was between 15 and 25. The participants were given a number between one and 30 and they were randomly chosen for two groups. The first group was comprised of those students who had odd numbers and these were seen as the control group. The second group was comprised of those students who had even numbers were used as the experimental group. The researchers found that students in the experimental group were able to retain more information than those in the control group. The researchers pointed out that humorous songs did have a â€Å"moderately large effect†(Rafiee, Kassaian and
Expansion & growth is the topic to write about Essay
Expansion & growth is the topic to write about - Essay Example Later, in the 16th century, California became under the control of Spanish and British colonizers. Gradually, the settlers began to control the indigenous population. The Bear Flag Revolt in the year 1846 in California is symbolic of the rebellious attitude of the settlers and the formation of California Republic. The California Gold Rush (say, between1848 and1855) is another major period in the history of California. During this period, the influx of immigrants in search of gold changed the distribution of population in California. Later, the Compromise of 1850 led to the formation of California as a free state within the United States of America. Earlier than European colonization, California was sparsely populated because the Native Americans used to settle in different areas of California. The European settlement resulted influx of immigrants and rapid urbanization. To be specific, the California Gold Rush or the influx of gold-seekers resulted in the rapid urbanization of California. The small settlements in California rapidly transformed into towns and cities. Now, California enjoys the largest gross state product (GSP) among the states within the United States of America. Ignacio Gonzalez stated that â€Å"In February 2001, California’s unemployment rate dropped to 4.5 percent, the lowest level since the late 1960s†(351). The growth in GSP is most important because it represents the expansion and growth of California. In the present condition, the Californian economy depends upon international trade and commerce. Transportation facilities in California consist of the network of roads (freeways, expressways and highways), airways (commercial and general aviation), seaports (for example, Port of Los Angeles) and rail lines (intercity rail lines, light rail systems etc). Summing, the expansion and growth of California from a small settlement area to a free state and its development is interconnected
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Individual report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
Individual report - Coursework Example The organization has the strength of being perceived as positive help for those in their older mature years, from ages sixty to eighty. This age group represents more serious risk factors than other groups; the representatives from this population can have problems combined with various other circumstances of his situation have made them vulnerable. Because the organization is perceived as helping the vulnerable rather than taking advantage, a key strength is in public perception. Weaknesses: One potential internal weakness of the proposed expansion for Southwark to UK Circle is that the organizational leadership may perceive the status quo as acceptable, and resist public relations (PR) intervention from an external source. â€Å"One of the greatest problems public relations practitioners face is proving that they make a worthwhile contribution to their organizations. This is especially so during economic downturns when businesses and nonprofits are looking for ways to eliminate ne edless expenses†(Wirth, 2003). Another weakness is that the client base of the organization, on average, does not have a lot of spending power to add to the financial bottom line. They may receive little or no support from the children, and may be a retired veteran of the second World War. There are also complicated gender role relations among the elderly. Retirement may cause a man to miss the more competitive role that he may have played as a breadwinner in society, and one study â€Å"found that men who return to work typically by choice--such as accepting part-time consulting jobs with former employers--are more satisfied with their lives†¦ than men who retire permanently†(Kearl, 2000). Some elderly individuals might be experiencing cognitive changes as well as symptoms of the mental illness of depression, which are serious issues that Southwark/UK Circle cannot help with. Opportunities: In terms of external expansion, Southwark/UK Circle can take advantage o f marketing opportunities to spread the word about the organization, and give it a wider public range of awareness. Through PR, market segmentation, target market selection, and positioning, the organization can become more visible, as well as more economically viable. The first point is market segmentation. This is basically the process of dividing the market for Southwark/UK Circle into categories or groups, based on demographics and other indicators that make each member of a group. For example, a company making cell phones might divide their market of customers (by age, income, gender, etc.) into smaller groups. And as a baseline in relation to these groups, the basic message of the organization remains fundamentally positive: â€Å"Southwark Circle community believes that people can be each others' solution, and backs it up every day, week and month by helping each other out with life's practical bits and pieces. Southwark Circle is also about learning new things, and en joying your hobbies and interests with others in the community†(Southwark, 2010). Threats Externally, balance can be sought between different extremes by recognizing that there are many different situations in which a business can succeed or fail that are circumstantial and would be unchanged no matter what the planning structure. There are many businesses that have had core competency but have not been able to expand nationally successfully. Other
Cereal Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Cereal Promotion - Essay Example Before launching promotion campaign, it can be rather useful to make analysis of already existing advertisements. With this aim, we are going to research three randomly taken print ads of Cheerios. They are the following: Ad #1: This advertisement emphasizes appropriateness and conveniences of Cheerios products made particularly for children. The stated ad tells that cereals are useful and healthy, proving it by mentioning that four out of five pediatricians choose exactly Cheerios. Also this print advertisement explains that ring-shaped flakes are very comfortable for kids to grab them, that is why, parents will not have any problems with feeding their children. Ad manages to attract people’s attention with a catchy headline and relevant picture. However, there is rather cumbersome text that can be shortened without any damage to the main idea of the print ad. Ad #2: This advertisement attracts potential consumers’ attention with big and memorable headline that contain s a piece of propagandized product, which makes it more special and acceptable. In addition, the company emphasizes the influence of cereals on heart diseases. Provided text is very informative and appropriate.
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Individual report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
Individual report - Coursework Example The organization has the strength of being perceived as positive help for those in their older mature years, from ages sixty to eighty. This age group represents more serious risk factors than other groups; the representatives from this population can have problems combined with various other circumstances of his situation have made them vulnerable. Because the organization is perceived as helping the vulnerable rather than taking advantage, a key strength is in public perception. Weaknesses: One potential internal weakness of the proposed expansion for Southwark to UK Circle is that the organizational leadership may perceive the status quo as acceptable, and resist public relations (PR) intervention from an external source. â€Å"One of the greatest problems public relations practitioners face is proving that they make a worthwhile contribution to their organizations. This is especially so during economic downturns when businesses and nonprofits are looking for ways to eliminate ne edless expenses†(Wirth, 2003). Another weakness is that the client base of the organization, on average, does not have a lot of spending power to add to the financial bottom line. They may receive little or no support from the children, and may be a retired veteran of the second World War. There are also complicated gender role relations among the elderly. Retirement may cause a man to miss the more competitive role that he may have played as a breadwinner in society, and one study â€Å"found that men who return to work typically by choice--such as accepting part-time consulting jobs with former employers--are more satisfied with their lives†¦ than men who retire permanently†(Kearl, 2000). Some elderly individuals might be experiencing cognitive changes as well as symptoms of the mental illness of depression, which are serious issues that Southwark/UK Circle cannot help with. Opportunities: In terms of external expansion, Southwark/UK Circle can take advantage o f marketing opportunities to spread the word about the organization, and give it a wider public range of awareness. Through PR, market segmentation, target market selection, and positioning, the organization can become more visible, as well as more economically viable. The first point is market segmentation. This is basically the process of dividing the market for Southwark/UK Circle into categories or groups, based on demographics and other indicators that make each member of a group. For example, a company making cell phones might divide their market of customers (by age, income, gender, etc.) into smaller groups. And as a baseline in relation to these groups, the basic message of the organization remains fundamentally positive: â€Å"Southwark Circle community believes that people can be each others' solution, and backs it up every day, week and month by helping each other out with life's practical bits and pieces. Southwark Circle is also about learning new things, and en joying your hobbies and interests with others in the community†(Southwark, 2010). Threats Externally, balance can be sought between different extremes by recognizing that there are many different situations in which a business can succeed or fail that are circumstantial and would be unchanged no matter what the planning structure. There are many businesses that have had core competency but have not been able to expand nationally successfully. Other
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
UNIT 3 Science DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
UNIT 3 Science DB - Essay Example In fact whatever energy I am using at my home is residential use of energy. Now it was time to go college. I picked up my bike to reach there. In this process I used energy for transportation and fuel was petrol. College classroom lighting was also using commercial electricity. After the day I reached back home and after dinner and couple of hours on internet, went to sleep. My primary source of energy at home is electricity. Day 2 /Day 3: Daily activities of these days were almost same, apart from my visit to hospital on day three. There also lightings, lifts, ACs and other medical equipment were running on electricity supplied by electric company but backup was also available in form of generators running on diesel. One more form of energy which I saw here, was that for heating water. They used solar panels for heating it. In above experiences, main supplier for my daily energy needs was our electrical company, and I could not have experience of largest energy end use i.e. industrial, with highest expected growth rate of 2.4 percent per year (International Energy Outlook, 2006, p.1). Our electricity company is MAHAGENCO. As per its website, it generates electricity mostly from its Thermal Power Plants which uses Coal as the main fuel. This fact is in line with world over trend, wherein 40 percent of electricity is produced from Coal as a main fuel If I look back on my energy consumption, there are various areas where in I can make certain changes to make my self more energy efficient. This can be achieved by reducing my gross energy consumption as well as using more and more alternative energy sources. By reducing my energy consumption I would be contributing, whatever little it may be, towards reducing anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which is estimated to grow at an average rate of 2.1 percent per year from 2003 to 2030 (International Energy Outlook, 2006, p.72), and associated green house effects. By
Monday, October 14, 2019
Conflict and Functionalist Theory Differences Essay Example for Free
Conflict and Functionalist Theory Differences Essay Introduction The conflict theory originated from Karl max, the famous sociologist, during his original development of the theory and his fine-tuning work, he included the qualifications of other sociologists like Georg Samuel and Max Weber which he considered were necessary (Cliffs 1971: 12-16). According to the theory, positivism does not necessarily answer everything contrary to believes of functionalists. In general, the conflict theory states that everything happens for reasons other than a general believe that it was just supposed to happen; there are causes and influences which cause such things to happen and the responsibility lies solely on the people and there main purpose is not to gain knowledge only as a functionalist but the transformation of the gained knowledge into action (Durkheim 1915: 23-27).  According to the theory even scientists should be activist with regard to their theories, not only explain why such things happen, instead, they are supposed to instigate the necessary changes in their theories in order to help resolve these issues (Cliffs 1971: 17-20). Read more: Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives The theory differences The believers of conflict theory and functionalist theory have clear differences in their beliefs, because when functionalist say that they do everything they do because ‘we love to do it’, the conflict theory belief that our societies are not guided necessarily by stability or anything of the sort, but it is possible to transformed the whole society into something totally new (John Simpson 1951: 16-20). Karlmax, Simmed and Weber, and the believers of conflict theory belief that anything that can cause a difference has the capacity to cause a conflict also, be either in areas of competition, opinions, interests and even power, but to a functionalist these issues do not have any serious problems even though conflict theorists do believe that they exhibit other unseen reasons other than the issue of just because â€Å"we like it†(Merton 1968: 10-15). The way functionalists see the world All functionalists believers emphasize on the importance of value consensus in society and they do not expect any conflict to occur and if it occurs it is seen as being temporal which will be simply counteracted as the society continues to become better and their main concern of these conflicts is to accept them as small issues when compared to the need for consensus and stability in the society (Cliffs 1971: 20-26). An example of a functional analysis; Shils and Young notes how ceremonies and rituals are meant to serve the purpose of promoting social integration in their society; the rituals concerning monarchy, church, government leaders, are mainly involved in public promise while the family is seen as the role it plays for members of society, like personal stability and socialization (Parsons 1951: 19-23). Comparing it with conflict theory by Marx According to Marxists and his believers of the conflict theory, there exists a fundamental conflict between different groups in our society, because, the conflict continues to increase and persist and therefore it is not temporal as functionalists clam it to be: For example, according to Marx analyzing the conflict theory, all societies are constructed in order to survive, and we enter into relationships with the sole purpose of production (Parsons 1951: 21-25). Therefore the combined forces of production and social relationship form basis for economic or infrastructure of any society, while other aspects, like superstructures are shaped by infrastructure, for instance education system is shaped by economic factors and therefore any changes in infrastructure will lead to eventual changes in the superstructure (Simpson 1964: 21-23). The Marxist theory states that all societies have contradictions; this means there is exploitation by one social group, which leads to the creation of conflict of interests because of the main reason that this one social group owns all the factors of production which only benefits them at the expense of others who are mainly the workers (Parsons 1951: 25-28). They therefore, propose that this trend should be stopped. For example; the society is comprised of classes, and in its simplest form, there are two main classes of classification. The main determination of an individual to these classes is their relationship to the means of production, which are land, labor and factories (Merton 1968: 16-18). This means that this class that owns the factors of production and therefore, the most powerful. The least powerful class is therefore the one which sells its labors in order to make a living out of it. To be more specific, let us consider wages versus profit achieved by the Bourgeoisie; according to the theory, all societies operate through class of conflict as mentioned; and in a capitalist society there are oppositions between bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The real wealth is only created by the labor power of workers, but low wages are paid to the workers below the profits made the owners and this creates the major contradiction (Durkheim 1915: 29-31). Conclusion In the recent past, workers have become more differentiated and this has eliminated homogeneity in terms of class-consciousness and thus they have increased their awareness of differences between themselves and this has made the above class groups to be split and not united (John Simpson 1951: 21-23). It is not important therefore for the society to be characterized by the competing interest groups who are in conflict; therefore we should have ties of the following; economic power and social and secondly political ties to the ownership of means of production (Simpson 1964: 24). Work cited Cliffs, E. (1971). The System of Modern Societies. NJ: Prentice-Hall: pp12-26 Durkheim, E. (1915). The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life: A Study in Religious                  Sociology. Translated by Joseph Ward Swain. New York: Macmillan press:                   pp.23-31 John, A. S. and Tr. Simpson, G. (1951). Suicide: A Study in Sociology: New York IL:  Free Press: pp.16-23 Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure; New York: Free Press: pp.10-18 Parsons, T (1951). The Social System; Glencoe, IL: Free Press: pp.21-28 Simpson, G. (1964). The Division of Labor in Society; New York: Free Press: pp.21-24
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation
Damage on Aerospace Composites and Metals Investigation
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge Essay -- Argumentat
Oil Drilling in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge The main issue presented in my research involves the debate between environmentalists and the United States government on whether to open and develop a portion of the Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in the northern coastal plain of Alaska for the purpose of drilling for oil. Environmentalists argue that opening up this region of ANWR to future oil drilling would destroy the current ecosystems, disrupt animal habitats and adversely change the lives of the people in these local communities. Proponents of oil drilling in this region argue that all the issues presented by the environmentalist groups are not valid and they have no scientific facts to support their argument. Proponents of this issue point to the successful Prudhoe Bay oil exploration, which has produced nearly 13 billion barrels, or, 20 to 25 percent of the oil produced in the United States for the last 23 years. President George Bush recently indicated that he is renewing his campaign to open part of the Artic refu ge to oil exploration, contending that oil drilling is essential to the national security of the United States and would create jobs on a national and local level. George Bush supported his campaign by stating in a recent article â€Å"America is already using more energy then our domestic resources can provide and unless we act to increase our energy independence, our reliance of foreign sources of energy will only increase.†(w1) He also indicated from the same article saying â€Å"Alaskans know firsthand that modern technology allows us to bring oil to the surface cleanly and safely, while protecting our environment and wildlife.†(w2) His proposed energy plan also includes modernizing other energy del... ...ANWR based on geologic surveys. This oil discovery would greatly reduce our dependency for foreign oil supply, create jobs on a national and local level and put more money in the local economics by the increase in the tax base for Alaska. It appears based on the data I accumulated that with the newest technology in oil development would allow the oil to be brought to the surface and distributed in a clean and safe manner. If the people of the coastal plain are not affected negatively by oil development and the wildlife can co-exist in a positive manner then I would support future oil development in the Artic National Wildlife Refuge. Bibliography W3 : www.anwr.org www.alaskawild.org Reuters: by Steve Holland â€Å"Bush says U.S. Needs to Drill for oil in Alaska.†Sat. Feb 23,2002 Taken from www.story.news.yahoo.com W1 & W2: www.foxnews.com www.bushnews.com
Friday, October 11, 2019
Ethics and Amtrak
The Amtrak case study is a horrible accident that occurred in 1993. I feel the entire cause of the accident was a series of events that could not have been known. The stakeholders in this care are the Amtrak employees, customers and land owners of the railway lines. The biggest interest of the stakeholders would be loss of life. No one wants to be involved with the loss of a human life. And I am sure there are several financial reasons for the interest, as well. To begin with, corporate social responsibility functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. The legal obligation Amtrak has is to provide a safe service for its customers. They need to show the customers that they put every effort into providing a safe and dependable service. Economically Amtrak needs to clear up this disaster and correct the problems so the customers will continue to use Amtrak. If this situation is not handled correctly it could have ruined the company. Ethically Amtrak needs to seriously improve it tracking and emergency response procedures. When they couldn’t really determine where the train, in my opinion, was the biggest problem with the EMS reaching the crash. Philanthropic is showing concern for humanity, especially by performing charitable actions such as donating money. I feel if Amtrak agreed to pay for the services of the people who died in the accident, that would be a good start. Finally, my recommendation for this case is simple. Figure out what went wrong and what went right. Correct all the wrongs and make sure the corrections stay in place. They also need to determine some type of checks and balances for these new procedures. I understand accidents happen, but, Amtrak needs to take every precaution to ensure this does not happen again. I feel if the current managers and supervisors had a stronger sense of morals this accident would have been much easier to deal with. In fact, this accident might not have happened if the current administration had enforced stricter rules. I also feel that a situation like this can destroy a transportation company if it’s not handled properly. The company needs to get the customers confidence back at any cost, because no customers no revenue. I feel Amtrak has a long way to go to repair the faults in their company, however at least admitting they need help or have problems is the first step in correcting the issues.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Live of Women in Renaissance
The interest of scientists and historians in women’s Renaissance is still growing as there are different ideas and attitudes towards life of women in that historical period. Did women have their Renaissance? Some had, whereas others didn’t. However, Renaissance has played important role in formation women’s personality and identity. Renaissance was the first step on the long road to women’s freedom and equality. The topic has been chosen as oppression of women and domination of men was a primary matter of concern in fiction literature, as well as in social and political tractates. Women were often oppressed and subordinated and, therefore, had fewer opportunities for their Renaissance. Before speaking about the impact of Renaissance on women history it is necessary to describe what role were imposed on women in society. (Zwanger, 1997) Actually, women in Renaissance can be classified as traditional women who performed the imposed role and exceptional women who tended to show their personality and express their identity through art and literature. Generally, women were considered merely bearers of children and housekeepers. Therefore, they were inferior to men and customs kept them away from social life. Women’s tasks were routine and only wealthy women were allowed to escape from making clothing and administrating food production. Since 13th century women were prohibited to take control over food suppliers as it was considered full males role. Renaissance women were active only in spinning wool and carding as it was considered female tasks. Wives were forbidden to participate in business as they had to keep their houses. Actually, Renaissance was the world of men and the world for men. Historians claim that women had more opportunities and jobs during the Middle Ages rather than during Renaissance. The reason is that capitalism led to more efficient production and women’s economic significance was reduced. More women remained unemployed and they were paid less for the same jobs. (Zwanger, 1997) Nevertheless, there were moments in Renaissance history of women which impacted the future formation of women as personalities with equal rights and opportunities. In particular, some women tended to express their identity in art and literature making other women re-thing their social status and job opportunities. Such exceptional women were among the first to speak about women rights, their participation in business, social life, etc. with time women gained more freedom and were provided with more opportunities to express themselves. (Zwanger, 1997) During Renaissance art was a powerful method to control women as it constructed a myriad of social pressures offering rich material for study female role. Economic restrictions and less opportunities prevented many women to devote their life to arts. Documented Renaissance artists were either children of noblemen or daughters of artists and they were expected to have literary and music skills. Despite they were talented, their careers finished after marriage. However, they try to make art equal for men and women. Some women were active artistic patrons who arranged agreements with artists. For example, one of the noblewomen, Isabella d’Este commissioned significant amount of art having decorated her private studios. Mostly, pictures represented traditional women virtues as chastity, moral purity and fidelity. Furthermore, some women used art to strengthen their power. For example, Eleonora of Toledo was married to Cosimo I de’Medici and she used her portrait with the son to strengthen her political power in Tuscany. (Zwanger, 1997) In conclusion it is necessary to outline that the primary impact of Renaissance women on their future was the fact that through art they tended to strengthen their social political positions and to prove that they were personality who deserved equal rights and opportunities. Despite Renaissance was mainly a men’s world in which women were regulated and controlled by lack of independence and social pressure, little by little they started their war for freedom and liberty. (Zwanger, 1997) References Zwanger, Meryl. (1997). Women and Art in Renaissance. Retrieved May 1, 2008, from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sister/Renaissance.html     Â
Moral Relativism vs. Moral Objectivism
Moral relativism is a philosophical doctrine which claims that moral or ethical theses do not reveal unqualified and complete moral truths (Pojman, 1998). However, it formulates claims comparative to social, historical, and cultural, or individual preferences. Moreover, moral relativism recommends that no particular standard or criterion exists by which to evaluate and analyze the truthfulness of a certain ethical thesis. Relativistic standpoints repeatedly see moral values as valid only within definite cultural limitations or in the framework of personal preferences. An intense relativist stance might imply that assessing the moral or ethical decisions or acts of other individuals or group of individuals does not contain any value, still most relativists bring forward a more inadequate account of the theory. On the other hand, moral relativism is most commonly mistake as correspondence to moral pluralism/value pluralism. Moral pluralism recognizes the co-existence of contrasting and divergent ideas and practices yet it does not entail yielding them the same authority. Moral relativism, quite the opposite, argues that differing moral standpoints do not contain truth-value. At the same time, it suggests that no ideal standard of reference that is available by which to evaluate them (Pojman, 1998). History traces relativist principles and doctrines more than some thousand years ago. The claim by Protagoras that man is the measure of all things marks a premature philosophical antecedent to modern relativism (Pojman, 1998). Furthermore, Herodotus, a Greek historian, viewed that every society looks upon its own belief system and means of performing their functions as the finest, in comparison to that of others. Though different prehistoric philosophers also inquired the concept of a universal and unconditional standard of morality, Herodotus argument on moral relativism remains as the most fundamental idea of moral relativism. In the medieval age of moral philosophy, Thomas Aquinas defines moral philosophy as the collection or collections of ideas and claims which, as values and guidelines of action, identify the types of preferred action that are justly intellectual and rational for human persons and society (Pojman, 1998). It is a basically realistic philosophy of values which motivate individuals towards human fulfillment so that better-off state of affairs is mutually represented and practicable by means of the actions that equally evident and put up the superiorities of moral fiber conventionally labeled as virtues. Aquinas argument about moral is not really confined with his prior conceptualization of the idea of virtue – that is acquired through regular practice or by habit. For him, moral law is not a mere product of habituation. As explained above, his idea of moral law is linked with the concept of rationality or reason. A human person regards an action as morally right not because it is habitually observed or performed but because it comes within rational analysis of that individual. In the contemporary period, Ruth Benedict, an anthropologist, opines that morality differs in every society which is evidently framed on the idea of moral relativism (Pojman, 1998). Benedict argues that there is no such thing as moral values but only customs and traditions. She admits that each society has its own customary practices that are justified simply because they are part of the tradition exclusive to that society. For Benedict, morals obtain their values based on how individuals see certain acts and behaviors as beneficial to their society. And such is what she called as the standard of moral goodness. Now, such morally good action is deemed to perform habitually to maintain the advantages brought about by such morally good actions. In effect, being morally good and habitually performance of an action subsist together as the society upholds their own moral law. References: Pojman, L. (1998). Moral Philosophy: A Reader (2nd ed.). Hackett Publishing Company.
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping in Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
My Dropout Boyfriend Kept Dropping in - Essay Example going through the stages of a Goth, an anarchist, and a Marxist. The author maybe does not fully understand what her boyfriend, Terry, believes is the reason why he has to do this. After Conell details Terry’s reasoning behind this choice, she responds by diverting the subject. Instead of asking why he feels the need to live out in the woods, Conell replies that she likes his apartment. Terry’s decision to live like a homeless person has nothing to do with his apartment so the author is take the attention away from living in the woods and focusing more on what he is giving up. Maybe he might have changed his mind if she had provided some valid reasons why he should not live like that. Because the author did not deal with the problem in the beginning stages, this wacky idea was allowed to run and flourish to its natural conclusion. Furthermore, Conell seems to once again contradict herself when she mentions a discussion with a girl from her dorm. She begins the conversat ion by showing her concern for his immediate safety, but after her outspoken friend emphatically dismisses the idea, Conell tries to stand up for her boyfriend. Her reasoning is that he will save a lot of money and that he will feel close to nature. This seems to suggest that Conell has insecurity problems because she is not too fond of the idea herself, but when someone else joins in attacking Terry, she immediately gets her back up and defends him like there’s no tomorrow. Confirming her earlier shock at Terry’s decision to choose to live like this, Conell mentions a book that he gave her on Valentine’s Day, Into the Wild. In this book, a young man starves to death in the Alaskan wilderness. Her warning bells should have been flashing when this happened because it is not a regular occurrence to give someone a book like this on Valentine’s Day, which is a day all about love and happiness. In her defense, she admits that this should have been a clue and t hat she did not prepare for this decision as well as she could have. Conell gives us great insight into Terry’s habits and personality when she describes the time she first met him. She admits that he was a rebellious person, although she concedes that she was attracted to this. The reason for this was that she felt the same way as he did about many things and this allowed her to express her own feelings. She gives the example of Terry wearing eyeliner and attaching a safety pin through his eyebrow; these are classic warning signs of someone who is prone to bucking the trend. The one difference between these two is that they both act their feelings out in different ways. Conell states how Terry is more outgoing, while she is more of the shy type. This seems to suggest that maybe these two are not suited for each other. Conell fails to mention how this contrast in their behavior affected their relationship. Later on, Conell mentions that Terry dropped out of school only months into his freshman year. The only reason that she gives for this decision is that he was unhappy with school, but perhaps it was something deeper; something that Conell seems to brush off so easily. She uses the word â€Å"defended†when asked about this strange decision by her friends. This shows that Conell is not necessarily in full agreement with his choice because otherwise she would have said that she
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Researched Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Researched Argument - Essay Example However, the success of the industry is not free of blemish. In the year 2010, a study approximated the number of users of the drugs non-medically and therefore without prescriptions as 7.0 million which represented 2.7 % of the American population (Drugs and Corbett et al.). The drugs abused by the American population range from pain relievers, and stimulants to sedatives and tranquilizers. The extent of the abuse has seen the addiction of some people to the drugs. The blame for this scenario lies in the pharmaceutical companies that influence the medical practice through the use of misleading commercials and making payments for medical practitioners and experts. However, we should delve into the use of alternative medicine in preference to the prescription drugs to reduce the wrongs that have resulted from the marketing of the drugs. Misleading advertisements Some of the companies that make the prescription drugs that are common in everyday life use misleading statements in their p roduct marketing to create the view that their products are better (Weber 98). The promotion of Darvon, a prescription drug intended for pain from surgery and fractures was studied with the results painting a clear picture of this argument. The promotional literature said the drug was better than aspirin. In the study, the opinions of physicians were reviewed. Although the physicians claimed to base their opinions on science, almost half believed the statement used in the drug’s promotion despite the fact that no results showed this to be true ("Drug Company Gifts to Doctors"). As such, the promotion of the drug misled the physicians into viewing the drug as the best option. Therefore, the reliance on prescription drugs due to the opinion of the physician should be avoided as they may be misled. Influence of medical practitioners The pharmaceutical companies are trying to strengthen the circulation of their drugs by influencing the medical practitioners to have preferences fo r their medication (Weber 47). This is done through the provision of little gifts to the physician. A case in the American Medical Association journal provides an illustration of this. The case describes an insect bite patient who has gone to the hospital to seek attention. An intern made a sensible decision to prescribe penicillin, which would be an inexpensive and suitable treatment. However, the resident thought otherwise prescribing a treatment that was more â€Å"modern†and describing the patient as â€Å"severely†ill. This option would cost the patient $183 for every day he received the new and modern antibiotic ("Drug Company Gifts to Doctors"). However, after some digging into the issue by the house officers’ supervisor who doubled up as the attending physician, it came to light that the resident’s decision was influenced. A drug representative of the drug company had wined and dined the resident prior to the developments. This shows that the re sident’s and some physicians’ decisions were not based on the best choice of treatment as they are influenced by gifts by the drug companies which adopt these as part of their marketing strategy. In some cases, the gifts to the practitioners are monetary. This is evidenced by stories published in the New York Times. In one article, there is a report of the federal law for health care requiring disclosure of payments to medical practitio
Monday, October 7, 2019
Goods Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Goods Design - Research Paper Example Donald Norman moved away from mainstream scientific thinking by transforming his quest for enhancement of life. His streams of thoughts analyze an object not merely by its proposed use but its interaction with the user. Beyond serving a use an object has intrinsic ability to appeal to the user’s subconscious. This ability is attached subjectively based on the user moods, preferences and expectations. Norman believes that an attractive design is capable of creating pleasant experiences. He also believes that aesthetically pleasing objects usually appear more effectives by virtue of their sensual appeal. He suggested that although this ability did not influence the usability of the object it however influenced motivation of the user to perform the intended task. Cognitive thought processing takes place in either depth first processing that minimized distractions or breath first processing that takes advantage of the distractions and converts them into creative ideas (Norman, 200 7). Cognition is objective since it focuses more on the feasibility of the concepts on which the design is based. This suggests that engineers and designers produce items that are human centered in as far as reducing stress induced by the product since this would interfere with the user’s concentration. ... Items that are incorporate features such as color, shapes, smell that attract positive emotion in the user motivate better work performance (Norman, 2007). They inspire broad thinking and creativity by increasing tolerance to minor difficulties and flexibility at finding solutions. Pleasure derived from the physical appearance or functioning of the items induces positive effects broadening creativity and tolerance to blockage. He concludes on the notion that attractive things work better which is not entirely based on cognition of usability. According to him a good design must possess both usability and aesthetic value. Marketing considerations must be integrated in the manufacturing process and placement in the market. The items should be functional, affordable and pleasurable to own and use (Norman, 2007). Norman concludes that the positive affects of a design usually enhance creativity and this make those designs which are human centered to be essential for situations or tasks whi ch are stressful and this how Donald Norman emphasized on the importance of design in creating pleasant emotions. 2. Philosophy a crash course Philosophy refers to the academic discipline that exercises reasoning and logic with an attempt to understand reality and develop answers to fundamental questions about life, knowledge, morality and human nature (Irwin and Gracia, 2007). Due its generalized ideas and interrogation of thoughts this field of study is often perceived to ask questions that are rhetorical and interfering with common belief systems. Students shun philosophy out of its complexity and use of reasoning and logic to develop knowledge and test existing systems. Popular culture on the other
Saturday, October 5, 2019
Examining current reverse logistics trends Research Paper - 1
Examining current reverse logistics trends - Research Paper Example Based on these activities, reverse logistics can be divided based on whether the reverse flow encompasses product or packaging. A product could be in the reverse flow due to a number of reasons such as refurbishment, remanufacture or because the client returned it. Packaging is a reverse logistics activity because it flows back because of the regulations restrictions on product disposal. Both product and packaging may be reused or landfilled, but if they are to be utilized again, the two may experience a mixed bag of distinctive methodologies (Rogers, & Tibben†Lembke, 2001). Reverse logistics is of great importance to a company because of a number of reasons. First, it permits a trader to get items back from the buyer or send unsold stock once again to the manufacturer to be disassembled, sorted, reassembled or reused; minimizing general expenses for an association. Second, it enhances consumer loyalty and devotion by considering defective merchandise, and repairs of stock. Reverse logistics can incorporate seeking feedback from consumers to make upgrades and to enhance the comprehension of genuine purposes behind item returns. Thirdly, it may lead to gains in an organization. Expanding rate of production, diminishing expenses (transportation, managerial, repair and maintenance), holding clients by enhancing the quality of products are some of the gains an organization can accrue. The topic of examining the current trends of reverse logistics also incorporates some of the analysis methodologies that organizations apply today. A key methodology is the inventory control analysis that aims at ensuring that the supply chain of the company is optimized. Inventory control ensures that inventory management ensures random discount in pricing, minimum purchase requirements and random return (Alinovi, Bottani, & Montanari, 2012).
Friday, October 4, 2019
Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5
Project Management - Essay Example The conceptualisation, development and production of the aircraft took several years since the treaty between Britain and France was signed in 1962 but test flights of the Concorde could not be conducted till 1967 while scheduled flights could only be conducted in 1976 (Wikipedia, 2006). At the same time, after many years of faithful service as well as rising and falling fates, the Concorde was retired in 2003. As a product, it does present the complete lifecycle of a product going from an idea to a cultural icon to the eventual death of the product. The overall command and control for a project like Concorde would have to be handled by many individuals who are experts in their fields but one person would have the responsibility of conducted the entire project. There are several skills and competencies which one could seek when looking for a person to handle a project like Concorde of which the most important would be planning skills. However, before a discussion is made regarding the project manager’s skills and abilities, it would be logical to examine some of the primary activities involved with the project. The first activity required for the Concorde project would be to secure the required financing for the project. In historical terms, the idea and the product itself was so costly that no single company could manage to come up with the financing required for the project. In fact, Britain and France had to pool their resources before the production and prototyping process could begin (Wikipedia, 2006). A project manager here would need to be a part of the negotiations between the two countries so that s/he can guide the political process away from the technological process to create as little interference as possible. Once the financing or financial backers have been secured for the project, there is a significant cost involved in terms of time and money which concerns the mobilisation of the project. This activity is
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